CHAPTER 1. The Lungs: ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOLOGY RELEVANT TO BREATH SOUNDS

• ANATOMY

  • CONDUCTING AIRWAYS

  • TRACHEA

  • TERMINAL RESPIRATORY UNITS

  • CHEST WALL

• PHYSIOLOGY

• PATHOLOGY

CHAPTER 2. Sound, Hearing, and the Stethoscope

• The Nature of Sound

• Hearing

• The Stethoscope

CHAPTER 3. History and Physical Examination of the Patient with Chest Disease

• History

  • CHIEF COMPLAINT

  • FAMILY AND SOCIAL HISTORY

  • OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY

  • HISTORY OF PREVIOUS ILLNESS

  • PAIN

  • COUGH

  • HEMOPTYSIS

  • DYSPNEA

  • HOARSENESS AND WHEEZE

• Physical Examination

  • INSPECTION

  • EXAMINATION OF THE CHEST WALL

  • OBSERVATION OF RESPIRATORY MOTIONS

  • PALPATION

  • PERCUSSION

• CLINICAL AND LABORATORY TESTS FOR PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS

• Summary of the History and Physical Examination

CHAPTER 4. Normal Breath Sounds

• Auscultation

• Turbulence and Breath Sounds

• Regional Air Flow and Breath Sounds

• Variation of Breath Sounds with Heartbeat

• BREATH SOUNDS AT THE MOUTH

• BREATH SOUNDS OVER THE CHEST AND TRACHEA

• BREATH SOUNDS IN CHILDREN

• Phonopneumography

CHAPTER 5. Abnormal Breath Sounds

• Terminology: Making a Case for Consistency

• Adventitious Sounds

  • CRACKLES

  • Crackles in Restrictive and Obstructive Disease

  • Fine and Coarse Crackles

  • Crackles in Bronchiectasis

  • WHEEZES

  • Monophonic Wheezes

  • Polyphonic Wheezes

  • STRIDOR AND HOARSENESS

  • Stridor in Children

  • Stridor and Hoarseness in Adults

  • PLEURAL FRICTION RUB

  • MEDIASTINAL CRUNCH (HAMMAN'S SIGN)

  • BRONCHIAL LEAK SQUEAK

  • INSPIRATORY SQUAWK

• Abnormally Transmitted Sounds

  • EGOPHONY

  • WHISPERED PECTORILOQUY

  • BRONCHOPHONY AND BRONCHIAL BREATHING

  • POOR BREATH SOUNDS WITH GOOD VOICE SOUNDS

  • NOISY BREATHING AT THE MOUTH

• Relationship of Breath Sound Intensity to Ventilatory Function

• Sleep Apnea Syndrome